Equations in Physics - GCSE Physics

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Equations in Physics

Learners are expected to use the appropriate SI unit when communicating answers. The following equations are expected to be recalled and applied.

Higher-tier-only content is marked in the learning outcome where applicable.

Reference	Mathematical learning outcome	Symbolic equation
PM1.1i	density = mass / volume	$\rho = \frac{m}{V}$
PM2.1i	distance travelled = speed x time	$s = vt$
PM2.1ii	acceleration = change in velocity / time	$a = \frac{v - u}{t}$
PM2.1iv	kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed squared	$E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$
PM2.2i	force = mass x acceleration	$F = ma$
PM2.2ii	momentum = mass x velocity	$p = mv$
PM2.2iii	work done = force x distance, along the line of action of the force	$W = Fs$
PM2.2iv	power = work done / time	$P = \frac{W}{t}$
PM2.3i	force exerted by a spring = spring constant x extension	$F = kx$
PM2.3iii	gravitational force = mass x gravitational field strength	$W = mg$
PM2.3iv	gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height	$E_p = mgh$
PM2.3v	Higher tier only: pressure = force normal to a surface / area of that surface	$p = \frac{F}{A}$
PM2.3vi	Higher tier only: moment of a force = force x distance, normal to the direction of the force	$M = Fd$
PM3.1i	charge flow = current x time	$Q = It$
PM3.2i	potential difference = current x resistance	$V = IR$
PM3.2ii	energy transferred = charge x potential difference	$E = QV$
PM3.2iii	power = potential difference x current	$P = VI$
PM3.2iii	power = current squared x resistance	$P = I^2R$
PM3.2iv	energy transferred = power x time	$E = Pt$
PM5.1i	wave speed = frequency x wavelength	$v = f\lambda$
PM7.2i	efficiency = useful output energy transfer / input energy transfer	$efficiency = \frac{useful\ output\ energy\ transfer}{input\ energy\ transfer}$

Reference	Mathematical learning outcome	Symbolic equation
PM1.2i	change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature	$\Delta E = mc\Delta\theta$
PM1.2ii	thermal energy for a change in state = mass x specific latent heat	$E = ml$
PM1.3i	Higher tier only: for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure x volume = constant	$pV = constant$
PM1.3ii	Higher tier only: pressure due to a liquid column = height of column x density of liquid x gravitational field strength	$p = h\rho g$
PM2.1iii	final velocity squared - initial velocity squared = 2 x acceleration x distance	$v^2 - u^2 = 2as$
PM2.3ii	energy transferred in stretching = 1/2 x spring constant x extension squared	$E = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$
PM4.2i	force on a current-carrying conductor at right angles to a magnetic field = magnetic flux density x current x length	$F = BIl$
PM4.2ii	Higher tier only: transformer potential difference ratio equals turns ratio	$\frac{V_p}{V_s} = \frac{N_p}{N_s}$
PM8.2i	primary potential difference x primary current = secondary potential difference x secondary current	$V_pI_p = V_sI_s$